Essay on “The Amphitheater is the Center of Any Roman Urban Center”

Essay on â€Å"The Amphitheater is the Center of Any Roman Urban Center† An important aspect of any Roman urban center is its amphitheater. The general layout of any amphitheater has an oval, circular, or semicircular plan and tiered seating. The oval and circular designs surround a central performance area and are popularly used for combat or racing events. Amphitheaters with a semicircular plan have the audience on one side and are perfectly suited for theater or concert performances. Some of these semicircular amphitheaters can incorporate the natural landscape, such as a steep mountain, which can naturally amplify sound for a musical or theatrical performance. A perfect example of this is the Hollywood Bowl, located in Los Angeles California – the most distant province of the Roman Empire. It is a popular and central draw for the local residents of such a distant province for a number of popular theatrical and musical community events. The Hollywood Bowl allows a capacity of over 17,000, which may be small in comparison to most amphitheaters throughout the Roman world, but the largest natural amphitheater in the distant Roman region, the United States. It is named the Bowl for the concave hillside into which it is carved. The Hollywood Bowl also incorporates an important Roman architectural innovation, the arch. Typical Roman uses of the arch were structural in nature, in which the arch provided the ability to create a structure over a large open space, like the amphitheater, by eliminating tensile stresses. The incorporation of the arch in the Hollywood Bowl, the distinctive concentric arches or band shell, however, is more acoustic in nature. Although most social functions that

Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge - 1005 Words

The same problem would occur every winter and political leaders thought it was time for a solution to be found. Every winter the East River would freeze over, making it difficult for the citizens of Brooklyn to get to New York City. A solution to this problem would be the building of the Brooklyn Bridge. With the backing of political boss, William Tweed the construction of the bridge would soon be underway. After 14 years of construction and much controversy the Brooklyn Bridge officially opened May 24th 1883. Controversy and Corruption Political Boss William M. Tweed got the ball rolling with the building of the Brooklyn Bridge. He was a part of the Tammany Hall political machine. According to an article in the New York Times (2012). â€Å"He came in to the political scene when he was appointed to the New York County Board of Supervisors. During this time he established his ring of supporters in powerful places†(p.1). Tweed was elected state senator in 1868. He had many enemies one being cartoon artist from Harper’s Weekly, Thomas Nast. Nast portrayed Tweed and his ring as the corrupt people they were and Tweed did not like that. Tweed was quoted saying, â€Å"Stop them damned pictures! I don’t care what the papers say†¦my constituents don’t know how to read, but they can’t help seeing them damned pictures!†(p.5). Nast found a way to get under his skin. In 1873 Tweed who was the trustee of the bridge company was arrested for stealing public funds and was sent to prison.Show MoreRelatedBrooklyn Bridge743 Words   |  3 Pages------------------------------------------------- Brooklyn Bridge This essay introduces the Brooklyn Bridge. The Bridge is located in America over the East river; the nearest city to the bridge is New York and Manhattan, Brooklyn. After 60 years of political, financial and technical discussions to start the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge it was approved. The Bill to start construction was signed in 1869 by the New York Bridge company president, Ulysses S Grant. The cost of the originalRead MoreEssay about The Brooklyn Bridge971 Words   |  4 PagesThe Brooklyn Bridge In the winter of 1852, John Roebling and his 15 year-old son, Washington were riding a ferry boat across the East River from New York to Brooklyn. John Roebling was an engineer. His specialty was building bridges. As he looked across the East River, he could picture the bridge he wanted there. For years after that, John tried to convince people that his plan for a bridge across the East River was a good one. But most people thought it was nearly impossible to bridgeRead MoreBrooklyn : The Brooklyn Navy Yard1709 Words   |  7 Pages The borough of Brooklyn is known for its excellent resteraunts, iconic bars and spacious parks. There is something else that Brooklyn is also know for, although it never gets much attention. It is something that changed the world we live in today, and many fail to mention that Brooklyn is where its birthplace was. So, what exactly changed the world we live in, which was created in Brooklyn, New York? The answer is the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The Navy Yard was established by the federal governmentRead MoreEssay Bridges521 Words   |  3 Pages REASEARCH PAPER Bridges have been around sense the beginning of time. The Ancient Roman engineers used two significant innovations, the cofferdam and cement. The cofferdam is when the put wooden spikes in to the bottom of the river then used watertight clay over the spikes to make a bridge. Now today there are more efficient ways to make a bridge then just out of cement and clay. There are Suspension Bridges, Arch Bridges, Covered Bridges and many more. Suspension bridges have become a very commonRead MoreMartin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer, by Steven Millhauser924 Words   |  4 Pagesmodel of a self made man. Martin’s career began as a bellboy and he never regressed. He continued to climb the ranks of the hotel industry before briefly partaking in the construction of lunchrooms. Martin was not willing to work in a field he was not cut out for. Martin â€Å"felt, even as he turned over the idea of a fourth cafe in Brooklyn, a little sharp burst of restlessness, of dissatisfaction, as if he were supposed to be doing something else, something grander, higher, more difficult, more dangerousRead MoreA Brief Note On Robert Moses, Richard Ravitch And Othmar Hermann Ammann3916 Words   |  16 Pages and communicate with one another. Three men who made huge contributions in the world of infrastructure were Robert Moses, Richard Ravitch and Othmar Hermann Ammann. All three of these men were involved in designing numerous landmarks, highways, bridges, tunnels, and other forms of infrastructure that today we take for granted. Although all of these men were involved in infrastructure in the New York metropolitan area, their contributions, personalities, and the public’s opinion of them were allRead MoreHistory Of Civil Engineering And Development Of Sanitary Engineering1117 Words   |  5 PagesGraham served as the chief designer. The construction phase was supervised jointly by Owings, Skidmore, and Merrill. After the project was declared c omplete on May 6, 1968, the structure became the second tallest building in the world. In their article, David and Catherine (16), observed that the building houses restaurants and offices in addition to about 700 condominiums. Hancock Towers relates to the history of civil engineering because its construction involved professionals who are chiefly consultedRead MoreA Short Statement Defining The Industrial Revolution1077 Words   |  5 Pagesdesigns and showed it off by lighting a lamp. Edison s light bulbs allow people to do many things at night, such as work, that used to only happen during the day. May 1883 The Brooklyn Bridge opens. After 13 years of construction, the Brooklyn Bridge is finished in New York City. At the time, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world. December 1903 Orville Wright makes the first powered airplane flight. Using an engine that they invented, Orville and Wilbur Wright invent the first plane thatRead More Holland Tunnel Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pages17th century tunnels were being constructed for canals. Before the use of roads or railways to transport raw materials from the country to the city, waterways were the best way to haul freight over great distances. The major expansion in tunnel construction came with the introduction of the train and the automobile in the 19th and 20th century. The first major underwater mechanically ventilated tunnel was the Holland tunnel; it set the stage for all tunnels to follow by tackling the engineering obstaclesRead MoreThe American Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1290 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, it also started the fall of the society. The industrial revolution paved the way for modern society and the way our current economic system works. If it wasn t for the industrial revolution we wouldn t have skyscrapers, time zones, the Brooklyn Bridge, electricity and many other liberties we take for granted. However there were major downsides to the industrial revolution as well. Amongst these were poor treatment of many laborers, the corruption of government, and the assassination of the

The Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller And Fences

â€Å"And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream,†-Martin Luther King Jr. The American Dream is simply the idea that every person has the same chance to achieve success through hard work. The Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson closely hold a relatable pursuit of the American dream. In both texts, the parents and children were torn apart from each other because of their pursuit of the American Dream. This goal (American Dream) tears the families apart because in Fences Cory wants to follow Troy’s footsteps by playing a professional sport, but Troy doesn’t want him to get involved in sports because of he has experienced†¦show more content†¦That’s whose fault it is!,†(Miller 131). Both of these fathers want to see their family succeed, but get caught up in family problems and both end up passing away. The mothers of these plays were key contributors to attempting to help their families get back together. Rose tries to bring her family back together by making the boy build a fence in the quote,†Cory:I don’t see why Mama want a fence around the yard nowadays. Troy: Damn if i know either. What the hell she keeping out with it? She ain’t got nothing nobody want. Bono:Some people build to keep others out†¦ and other people build fences to keep people in. Rose wants to hold on to you all. She loves you,†(Wilson 2.1.32). This is a great point made by Nono because Rose is trying to make the boys bond by making them put together a fence, symbolising the reconstruction of their relationship. In the Death of a Salesman, Linda repeatedly attempts to keep the family together, especially in the quote,†Biff: Will you let me go, for Christ’s sake? Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens? I’ll go in the morning. Pu t him — put him to bed. Willy: Isn’t that — isn’t that remarkable? Biff — he likes me! LINDA: He loves you, Willy!,†(Miller 133). This perfectly showcases how Linda is a vital piece to the Loman family, because without her their family would probably have been separated. It’s evident thatShow MoreRelated Comparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson1267 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson have similar themes of conflicts between fathers and sons, conflicts between husbands and wives, and the need to focus on a small unit of space in order to achieve success. In the process of developing these themes throughout the two plays, three similar symbolic elements are used including the insecure father figure, the other woman, and the garden. Read MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in terms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more similar than they are different. In spite of the different cultural backgro unds of each protagonist they bothRead MoreStruggles and Tensions in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson1437 Words   |  6 Pages In drama, struggles and tensions within the lives of characters and the situations they face are important for the building of the plot and maintaining the attention of the audience. In Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson, the main characters of the plays face struggles which move the plot along, while adding anticipation and excitement. Willy and Troy face struggles internally and externally with society. Willy struggles with failing business, while Troy strugglesRead More The Link between Sports and Success in Death of a Salesman and Fences1124 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Sports and Success in Death of a Salesmannbsp; and Fences Sports have become one of the most dominant elements in society. Today sports are an integral part of lifestyle, entertainment and leisure. Sports have become an outlet for success and prestige. The recurring emphasis on sports appears in both Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and August Wilson’s Fences. While Death of a Salesman portrays sports as a means to popularity and subsequent success, Fences portrays sports negatively,Read MoreThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1127 Words   |  5 PagesMany people dream of the American dream. To have a big house, two kids and a picket fence. In Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman every character uses lies and deceit as a way to escape reality. With this said, it is only Biff’s character that is dynamic, realizing the error of his ways. Constantly, each character escapes their problems with deceit. Even Biff remains in this state of falsehood, until he reaches his epiphany. The main character Willy Loman, is constantly fooling himself intoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Of A Salesman And Millers And Williams Plays1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe playwrights we discussed after Tennessee Williams have adapted disparate elements of postmodernism to undermine the modernist assumptions undergirding O’Neill’s, Glaspell’s, Wilder’s, Miller’s and Williams’ plays. I will use Fences, The Hungry Woman, Topdog/Underdog, Glengarry Glen Ross, Six Degrees of Separation, and The Heidi Chronicles to support my claim. To start off, I will come up with working definitions of modernism and post-modernism. Modernism is a movement in culture that seeks toRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream In The Writings Of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, And August Wilson1418 Words   |  6 Pages†American Dream† in the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Arthur Miller, Zora Neale Hurston, and August Wilson. Fitzgerald’s account of the Jay Gatsby s rise to fame in the 1920s defines the failure of financial success as part of the American Dream. Gatsby will eventually die due to his excessive greed, which is not unlike the emotional death of Willy Loman as he fails to become a successful salesman in Author Miller’s Death of a Salesman. More so, Hurston’s depiction of Nanny’s own failures inRead More Dehumanization in Death of a Salesman Essay example1245 Words   |  5 PagesDehumanization in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Alienation and loneliness are two of the frequently explored themes in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman.   Yet they can also cause other effects which are just as harmful, if not more so.   In Death of a Salesman, two of these other results are dehumanization and a loss of individual freedom.   This is a very complex web of emotions, but as Miller said, â€Å"Death of a Salesman is not, of course, in the realistic tradition, having broken out into quiteRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Willy Loman And Death Of A Salesman1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman was written by Arthur Miller are two plays that can be considered different in terms of their plot. Both plays have two very different cultural backgrounds. The background affects each protagonist therefore differently. However, there are also similarities beyond the plot. Despite the different backgrounds of each protagonist or main character s, they are both trying to achieve their dreams. They both fail ironically in similar ways Read MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson And Death Of A Salesman870 Words   |  4 PagesFences by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller are two plays that are very similar to each other. They are different in terms of plot, but they are both stories about family conflicts and relationships between family members. In both plays, sport plays a big role in the life of the characters as both sons of the main characters wish to play sports in school. Also, the women in both plays have an unfortunate marriage as their husbands both had an affair and betrayed their marriage

Interview with a Vampire Louis Character Study Essays

Interview with the Vampire, by Anne Rice, is the story of the creation and life of the vampire, Louis. Louis was a 25 year old plantation owner in Louisiana. Following the death of his brother, which he blames on himself, he begins living very recklessly, attempting to entice anyone to end his life. A vampire named Lestat, looking for a slave, turns him into a vampire. From the beginning, Lestat ridicules Louis for his empathy towards humans. Louis begins to feel hatred towards Lestat and wants to leave him. In an effort to keep Louis, Lestat transforms a young girl, Claudia, into a vampire. Louis and Lestat treat her as their daughter. Lestat teaches her how to hunt, kill and live like a vampire, while Louis tries to educate her, so that†¦show more content†¦When Louis failed, his attention turned toward Babette. He twice gave Babette advice on how to maintain the plantation. First he told her that she was the only one of her family that was smart and wise enough to run the plantation. Then, when the plantation started to struggle because everyone doubted her ability to run the plantation, he told her to host a ball to show everyone her capabilities. His attempts to help her were done because he still had feelings for her and wanted to see her succeed. In the case of Claudia, Louis felt for her the any man would feel for their daughter. He felt that it was his fault she became a vampire, so he needed to protect her, especially from Lestat. Louis would have her sleep in his coffin with him. He ensured that she learned to read and write. He also made sure that she had everything she needed. Louis always had time to answer Claudia’s questions and worried about how she felt. Louis’ sense of humanity is present throughout the story. His choice to refrain from killing human and the care he shows for Babette and Claudia are just a few examples. It separates him from the rest of the vampires. Many of the others find it as a weakness, however a few commend him forShow MoreRelatedThe Vampires Are Now A Metaphor Of Human Beings1615 Words   |  7 Pages the vampires have moved from being a peripheral element with the genre to a place near the center and are capable of generating its own massive tradition now. In the recent literary history, they have already been adapted to play a role of a rebel against the moral, social, religious, and even sexual taboos. Put simply, the vampires are now a metaphor of human beings in the modern society and life. With the publication and popularity of The Vampire Chronicles, especially that of Interview with theRead More The Trickster in Anne Rices Interview with the Vampire Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesThe Trickster in Anne Rices Interview with the Vampire      Ã‚   Vampires today, particularly after Anne Rices five-book series, the Vampire Chronicles, are portrayed in quite a different light than the vampires of ages past. Gone is the garlic and cross that offers protection, gone is the vampires fear of all light and gone is their distant, in-human nature. (Whyte 2) In fact, most vampires are portrayed as both beast and man, struggling to retain their humanity as the lust for blood seemsRead MoreVampire Vs. Vampire Family3080 Words   |  13 PagesToday, vampire is the hottest topic in novels, movies, and dramas around the world. Belief in vampires has existed for thousands of year in many different cultures around the world. In original folklore and mythology, the traditional vampires tend to be inhuman and have no soul. They are truly monstrosities. They feed human?s blood in the midnight and enjoy killing people. Today?s outlook on vampires is more positive. Some modern vampires are very human and beautiful creatures. They of ten drink animalRead MoreQualitative Research and Celebrity Endorsement24767 Words   |  100 Pagesbehaviour? 8 1.4  Synopsis  of  the  Chapters   The framework of this piece of study has been structured to gain insights into the above purpose and thus includes 6 chapters namely the literature review, Methodology, Analysis and Discussion, Conclusion, limitations, managerial implications and future research. A brief outline of each of them is given below: Chapter 2 is the literature review which relates to the study of the previous secondary data available on this topic. This chapter primarilyRead MoreWalt Disney and Toy Story11680 Words   |  47 PagesPixar and Disney: A Study of Creativity and Culture In 2005 the managers of Pixar Animation Studios were facing a crisis. The company’s ten-year partnership with Disney was about to end and the company had three options: draft a new agreement with Disney, find a new partner, or set up their own marketing and distribution network.[1] Renewing the partnership with Disney seemed, to many, like an obvious choice. The arrangement had been a boon to the fledgling studio when it was first starting outRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 DataRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesStatistical Association’s Joint Committee with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on Curriculum in Statistics and Probability for Grades K–12. In addition to her texts in introductory statistics, Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and a member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 4th edition. Outside the classroom and the ofï ¬ ce, Roxy likes to travel and spends her spare time reading mystery novels. She

Limit on Sale of Second Homes Free Essays

Today the South West is seen as a hotspot or retreat for all age groups. Its beautiful landscapes and popular coastline mean that many people are regularly visiting Cornwall, leading into them buying second homes. However these outsiders are pushing locals away and this is why I propose councils enforce a limit on the sale of second home properties in popular areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Limit on Sale of Second Homes or any similar topic only for you Order Now With so many people interested in second homes the property market is booming and prices are continuing to increase, between 2001 and 2004 in the town of Padstow property prices rose by 144% (from Halifax survey). With this in mind locals are trying to invest in property before it becomes too expensive, yet so are outsiders who are willing and more able to pay more as they still have 10% discount on council tax. Second home owners used to only have to pay 50% of council tax yet this was then raised to 90% in order to help support local projects. This situation is having a terrible effect on local people. Higher prices and higher taxes have to be paid which some cannot afford, resulting in people having to move away from their local area in order to stay financially stable. This then leaves another home on the market that is more likely to become a second home. In the small fishing village of Port Isaac, now well known as the setting for television show Doc Martin, ITV, staggeringly 75% of the properties are second homes. This causes a number of seasonal problems. During the summer roads become busy and dangerous, beaches full, environment damaged†¦what can only be described as a mere hell for locals. â€Å"I had to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4 to park in Polzeath† complained a local surfer. Also during the evenings tourist children have been a persistent problem in Polzeath. Students coming down for the summer to stay in their family or friends second homes are found congregated on the road and beach drinking, shouting and vandalising property, and this is on a nightly basis. To solve the problem nine police officers were stationed at Polzeath to patrol the evenings yet this was a waste of money and very annoying for local youths â€Å"When we wanted to hang out we would have to stand in a spotlighted area that the police had allocated, just because others were causing trouble† said a teenager from Polzeath. However when winter settles in they all return north leaving towns like Port Isaac and Polzeath to appear as ‘ghost townsà ¢â‚¬â„¢. This then leaves local businesses with no option but to close up for the winter which also leaves locals unemployed and it can be very hard to find a job for the winter. As soon as winter comes the local teens are left with the town to themselves and not much to do. Most travel to Wadebridge, which is about fifteen minutes away, to work and to meet up with friends in town. Recently â€Å"Tube Station† was built in Polzeath, a half pipe for skaters of Polzeath and the surrounding area to use and also for other teens to just hang out. This is why I think a limit on the sale of second homes in popular areas should be enforced. It would help by; firstly less second homes means more local homes at affordable prices, also larger population numbers would be maintained throughout the year and furthermore businesses would be able to have a longer season and provide jobs through the winter†¦ And with all this gained we still don’t loose our biggest input from tourism that helps keep our economy going. I’m not saying we stop the sale of second homes as we then would have a major fall in our economy but if we limit the number of second homes available locals will have a better lifestyle which they are entitled to and outsiders will still have the option to move here. Limiting second homes in popular areas also gives the chance to then develop housing in small areas for permanent residents but also second home owners and overall improve the economy of the South West. How to cite Limit on Sale of Second Homes, Papers

Specifics and Features of the Marketing - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Specifics and Features of the Marketing. Answer: Introduction Accounting Information System (AIS) is a computer-based method that track the activity of accounting related with the resources of the information technology. Today Accounting Information is necessary for the organization to understand the financial situation accurately. It is important to analyze the long-term strategic decision that has an effect over the manufacturing industry. Manufacturing and IT alignment is an important concern for the technical and Industry manager. Information Technology has a positive impact on the productivity and performance of the Manufacturing Industry. The report will do a case study in the area of Manufacturing and a research has conducted in Accounting Information System to help the client to take decision for their investment in the Information System so that they can come up with the next level of their business. This report discusses the key challenges identified until date. In some cases, the references have suggested to relate the challenges. Th e summary of the challenges that have for each segment has discussed below in the fifth section. The interesting thing that has noticed here is that most of the industries face the similar challenge. The report will compare the issues and the challenges faced then contrast them to understand and manage the IS/IT strategically. It will evaluate the competitive advantage achieve by the organization through IS strategy. By the innovative use of strategic IS, the organization will be able adopt some approaches. Outsourcing has used as a strategic option. Here, it has discuss about the strategic option chosen that is the outsourcing, that would be managed by the Director of IS/IT. The study has include the case evidence to support the arguments done on the strategic information systems which has add business value through IS/IT to an organization. Finally the report discusses about the internal control strategy develop by the organization to avoid the risk that could harm the integrity a nd honesty of the organization staff. Issues face when managing IT/IS strategically in private and public sectors: Each organization of public and private sectors produce values for stockholders but they differ in the environment, resources and those of the nature of value for the implications of creating and implementing strategy of manufacturing. In the sector of public, organization accountability model of manufacturing has become more complicated. The leadership of the political is responsible for the strategic information and the leadership of the executive is responsible for managing the implementation of policies. The strategic management process will effectively manage the relationship of strategy between the executive and political leadership. According to Boyne (2015), the issues and the challenges that each sector faces are: - Service not the 'profit' agenda: an individual require effective and efficient provision from each of the public and private services to minimize the tax. 'Value' is the guiding concept for the public sector of the organisation rather than the 'profit' in manufacturing. - the need for holding up the accountability and transparency of manufacturing in public sector organization that leads to 'red tape' and bureaucracy and a more risk-averse and less flexible culture then the private sector. - Integrating the emerging technologies platform and transferring them. The above analysis gives the information that in the manufacturing industry public sector organization are different from private sector organization in which they may have implications to manage their IT/IS capabilities in manufacturing. The Manufacturers Alliance for productivity and Innovation (MAPI) and Deloitte conducted a leading practice of risk assessment. The risk professional has significant challenges in technological advance. Manufacturers could extract more meaning and direction for huge data sets through predictive modeling and analytical tools. The Cloud Computing has enabled the manufacturer to get benefits from IT that is robust. They do not have to maintain infrastructure, software and hardware in house. The manufacturer also faces environmental factors. The velocity and complexity of the strategic risk has considered to understand the importance of growing. The issues and challenges that the organization faces in the manufacturing industry are (Venkatesh, Sykes and Venkatraman 2014): -Interoperability: the organization has the ability to integrate and share information and the process of the business with the use of common standards and work practices - Trust and security: the citizen must feel confident enough to use their personal data securely and deal with responsible and appropriate manner Another case study based with regard to organization that faces the issues and challenges are: - The changes from the infrastructure and rationalization to developing a new and innovative solutions signify the IS/IT strategy (Mnstermann, Smolinski and Sprague 2014). - The need of development and enhancement of the systems are computer/ electronic based. - Both the internal and the external stakeholders share the knowledge and the role of management portal. From the cases above it can be experience that public sectors are facing difficulties in developing an information system strategy. However, the use of IS/IT still has a benefit to facilitate and enhance the relationship of internal and external policies. An organization sustain with the help of IS Strategy to achieve a competitive advantage: To obtain a competitive advantage, strategic development is important to use and manage the IT/IS based system effectively. This goal can be achieve if the organisations approach to the Strategic information system Planning (SISP) to convert the conventional system of information to Strategic System of Information. The Strategic System of Information will then help the organisation to alter the business strategies, structure or plan for the environmental changes and competitive advantages that are achieve over their competitors (Alshubaily and Altameem 2017). It will help organization to do things better. The organization should always aim to maintain and develop the IS/IT systems to support the operation of the business effectively. It is difficult to use the information system for achieving a competitive advantage. To achieve such advantages there should be coordination between the management, technology and the organization. Strategic Information System has built in such a way tha t the manufacturing industries strength cannot be imitated easily. To gain the competitive advantage from strategic information system the organisation should have many resources (Sakas, Vlachos and Nasiopoulos 2014). The resources may include a well-developed database to obtain a flexible platform of information technology and a continual investment to sustain with the advantages. In the Manufacturing industry, around 60 % of individual use accounting information for decisions in production of equipment and 8.89% disagree to use it (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener 2014). Around 51.11% agree to use accounting information to take decisions in facilities and 11.11% disagree, 48.89% agree to use accounting information to take decisions in production control and planning where 11.11% disagree, and 48.89% agree to use accounting information to take decisions in vertical integration and 6.667% disagree. Around 51.11% agree to use accounting information to take decisions in production quality trade and cost controlling and 6.667% disagree. It is recommended to follow some proposed conditions before the development and implementation of strategic information system that includes: - The senior organization management active support, to discover the implementation process and the strategic opportunities - To integrate a plan for use of strategic information system into the process of overall organization of strategic planning - To report directly to the business managers those that affect the use of strategic information system - To place the control mechanisms in the hand of business managers - To be always ready to use the strategy for information system Approaches made by an organization to develop innovative uses of strategic IS: In the Strategic Information System, the manufacturing organization uses the information system to develop an effective innovation for the use of strategic IS. It is essential for the success of the organization in the present business environment globally. The organization can adopt the use of information system to create and identify the new products and the services for the development of the niche market (Veselovsky et al. 2015). The internet and telecommunication network gives better opportunities to develop innovative use of strategic IS in manufacturing. It is also essential to align the information system and the IS/IT application with the business strategy to address the business needs for the future. The current IT of manufacturing organisation should use information systems to understand the management, organization, and the IT that forms the system (Cecez-Kecmanovic et al. 2014). In the rapidly changing environment, IS should focus on the organization performance. For a s imple use of strategic application, it is necessary to identify and properly plan a positive relationship between the financial measures and the IS/IT system of manufacturing (Luftman, Lyytinen and ben Zvi 2017). Social networking sites strategically use information system that are align to business to promote the business growth which results in increase in the productivity, customer satisfaction and the better performance of the employee of manufacturing indutry. Director of IT/IS of the organisation manage the outsourcing strategic option Some companies provide offshore manufacturing services and delivers quality-imported apparels to the client (McCormack and Hargovan 2015). However, they have design and manufacture offshore according to the timeframe, specifications and budget of the client. The director can now choose the outsourcing strategic option to manage the design and manufacturing services. As this company functions independently, outsourcing may allow the company to do the business more effectively and efficiently. Outsourcing is also a bit different from the off-shoring that include the contracting work with the overseas. The outsourcing can be done in two ways: Either Outsourcing component that is single for the daily operation, or else outsourcing the part of the business strategically. For example, an Apple manufacturing company fulfills their operational model through outsourcing. The company designs an internal product and on their behalf, the manufacturing chain and the complex supply have operated b y the contractors (Kolawole and Agha 2015). Outsourcing the portion of a company with the advertising fliers print is a daily operation. To build a strategical outsourcing into a business plan two broad type of task can be perform: a) Tasks that are not a vital component of the strategy but are critical to the operations Suppose the company manufacture an organic fruit snacks. Therefore, there arise choices in which way to deliver the products to the outlet and the grocery store that has an impact on the people who ultimately buy the snacks. Shipping the product by self has a strategic advantage, as it will be timely and cost effective which avoids unwanted fees for delivering and storage (Baloguna 2016). Thus, such type of outsourcing may help the manufacturer to complete the task more efficiently. b) Commodity tasks: These tasks are also a good platform for outsourcing. Many outsourcing companies offer overnight shipping of array of services. To quickly get the same quality of business card similar to this company, the individual owner has to invest on inks and printers. Alternatively, can hire full time team members and leverage the economic scale for full-service facility that has offered by the business. Here, it can redirect the full-time staff through the funds save to some other areas of the company. Another example of such type of outsourcing is customer service all center. There are some best ways where they can decide at what time a task need to be outsource by performing a calculation for the cost or the time. For example, the owner plans to hire an in-house developer to increase the flexibility design of the software. Meanwhile, there is a need arise to update the website and the back-end systems. For that outsource the work for short-term to a contractor, and recruit an in-house developers for a long-term goal (Johnson, Wilding and Robson 2014). Outsourcing requires a goals and timeline with the contractors to conduct a cost/time analysis. A clear communication is requiring for base cost saving and outsourcing the development work to the contractor. It is better to go in person with the in-house team rather than giving information through emails, phone calls or other media of communication (Leonardi 2014). If everything is utilized properly, business operations can be stream-line through outsourcing. It helps in utilizing the resources strategically and maximizes the time for growth. Strategic Information Systems add business value to an organisation through IT/IS In the public sector, value is related to products and services of the production so that an impact can be created on the socio-economic issues that are affecting largely to the society. The taxpayer does not want to pay more and the recipient of the welfare wants to get more that is influencing the democratic processes of the public value generation (McCue, Prier and Swanson 2015). For the organization, Information system has added a business value. The organization can achieve long-term and short-term goals and use the strategy of information system to improve the productivity and effectiveness of the business. The information system is successful because of the management style, overall environment of the organization and the prevalent structure of the organization. The key is to make realize the worker for accepting the information system. There are several ways to add value to the business through Strategic Information System. To establish the role of strategic information: The process has two stages: a) The information needed is given from the investigation and research phase and b) articulating the strategy and mission. For the first phase, the assessment of the senior management and the amount they are willing to pay is required. On the value of competitor intelligence a direct link has been delivered between the bottom line and the large strategic investment. A good information is available for the successful outcome of the strategic decisions that include new investment, new launch and product development, promotion and pricing, location of the offices and factories, and selection of the market and targeting (Zedtwitz et al. 2015). From all this investigation, a role can be played to determine the area of high information leverage. To identify what the users really need: For any strategic information, it is essential to research about the market. Therefore, the methods like interview, usage analysis or survey that are used by the researcher can be used. It will help to achieve the results and benefits. To segment the market: Grouping the common needs of the customer into a segment is a keystone for the marketing strategy. The common pitfalls conflicts between the important and the urgent can be overcome by defining the method of segments to develop different pricing, resources and services approach (Kindstrm and Kowalkowski 2014). To create a product uniquely: There are some aspects in which values can be added to information and the challenges made to customize it. Some of the aspects are timeliness, accessibility, usability, utility, quality, medium, repacking, flexibility, customized and reusability. Marketing and sale: For a unit to have a successful information to sell and market its services is an important aspects of marketing. In this event, it is necessary to meet the customer through in-house conference for annual research or sales meeting. Another aspect of marketing is pricing that add value to business. Evaluating and receiving feedback: Receiving feedback and evaluation give a tune to the product offer and the strategy of the market. Exploiting the technology: The information technology will be used to leverage the scarce resources and offers opportunities that give a great benefit of technology that allows access to virtual library for the collection of the information from the desktop of the users. Making a selective outsourcing: Outsourcing is the fashion of current management to attract the broader range of skills and knowledge with low cost. Through outsourcing, some specialist retains information skills to manage and select the external contractors (Hajduk 2016). Building a better partnership: The level of partnership with the clients and suppliers can be strengthened through organization level, individual and teams. Developing hybrid skills: As a information professional, business can be improved by broadening the skills to become a hybrid. Therefore, to remain as a specialist, it is better to take time and develop the skills through management training and joining courses and event of the industry (Ashari et al. 2014). Develop a good Internal Control Strategy An internal control is a procedure adopt in a business to ensure a reliable and accurate financial information compliance with the operational requirement to achieve the objectives of the business. A good internal control helps in managing the resources for an efficient and effective operation (Osadchy and Akhmetshin 2015). Some of the business lacks of attention, little respect for employees, no code of ethic, which would create an environment to manipulate the staff easily for gain. The manufacturing system use Information Systems to record the analysis, classify, calculate, identify and report the transaction to maintain the accountability (Iskandar 2015). To develop the internal control strategy, the organization should ensure that all the staff takes responsibility of operating the internal control properly. However, the employee will later appreciate even though it takes time to make the employee understand the importance of internal control, but the time spend will be known wh en they understand why certain thing are done. For every development of the organization, the tone should be the top business priority because it is important for the owner to behave in the same manner as it is expected from the employee with regard to behaviors and setting examples. The staff should be involved in the area of business for the process of developing. Establishing a good communication between the organization and the employees will encourage them to report the breach in the internal controls and talk about the issues (Savolainen Lopez-Fresno and Ikonen 2014). The organization should make their staff feel that they are doing the right thing. Some areas of the business have risk of loss or fraud that requires a strong internal control .To provide a positive flow of good internal control, it is better to set up the internal controls to let the staff know about it. The type of control that needs to be developed by the organization are: Financial controls: The organization should have a strong control especially while growing the business. Reporting the key financial information and keeping the effective control enables the owner to manage the business. Sales: Correctly estimates the revenue and stock to get the figures of accurate sales. If the sale trends feedback is quick and reliable then changes can be done to the circumstances to the responds quickly. It is advisable not to ship goods without an invoice and ensure to have a written procedure of cheque, credit and cash sales. Account receivable: The organization should take care of the profit erosion and a flow shortage that has arise due to the failure or delay in collecting the due accounts. In anyway account receivable asset is important for the business. Cash receipts: Most of the employees commit a fraud at the time of cash receipts because of the available mode of payment and it becomes difficult to match the cash with that particular transaction. Payroll: If internal controls procedures are not followed then it is easy to commit a fraud as many payrolls are now automated. When using the electronic payment, it is often required to change the password. The person should ensure that the passwords are not handed to other employees in their absence to avoid all possible frauds. Conclusion The above report concludes that the difference between the strategic management has appeared as content rather than as a form. In both sectors, they comprise of organizations in which they manage the short-term perspective of budgetary that focuses the financial mainly rather than the strategic goal. Therefore, the public sector needs to approach strategic management to help them clarify their expectations from their authorizing environment, internally communicating with the strategic direction more consistently, and at the same time, they are demonstrating externally about their manufacturing organizations ability to respond and interpret to their frequently changing priorities and political signals. The manufacturing industries are facing difficulties in developing an information system strategy. However, the use of IS/IT still has a benefit to facilitate and enhance the relationship of internal and external policies. Some areas of the business have risk of loss or fraud that requi res a strong internal control .To provide a positive flow of good internal control, it is better to set up the internal controls to let the staff know about it. In the report, it has found that the outsourcing can be done in two ways: Either Outsourcing component that is single for the daily operation, or else outsourcing the part of the business strategically. If everything is utilized properly, the manufacturing business operations can be streamline through outsourcing. It has thus help in utilizing the resources strategically and maximizes the time for growth. The report also has aimed to maintain and develop the IS/IT systems to support the operation of the manufacturing business effectively. It is difficult to use the information system for achieving a competitive advantage. To achieve such advantages there should be coordination between the management, technology and the manufacturing organization. The report has shown that the Strategic Information System has built in such a way that the manufacturing company strength cannot be imitated easily. In each sector, value has related to products and services of the production that has an impact created on the socio-economic issues that are affecting largely to the society. Despite of the difference in the concept of value, the manufacturing organizations needs has brought more complex stakeholder environment. Therefore, for the strategic management each sector needs a highly adaptable approach for implementation. Information profession is an existing prospect to add value to the information so that organization can make decisions strategically. The report has discussed about the marketing approach based on their experiences. By implementing, the guidelines properly can improve the visibility and position of the strategy for the information units in manufacturing. This enhances the client satisfaction with cost effective and helps them to expect opportunities and threats. Above all this, it will help the manuf acturing organization to work in securing the future of the information units of the in-house. References Alshubaily, N.F. and Altameem, A.A., 2017. The Role of Strategic Information Systems (SIS) in Supporting and Achieving the Competitive Advantages (CA): An Empirical Study on Saudi Banking Sector.International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications,8(7), pp.128-139. Ashari, Hamid Asna, Majid Heidari, and Saeed Parvaresh. "Improving SMTEs business performance through strategic use of information communication technology: ICT and tourism challenges and opportunities."International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences4, no. 3 (2014): 1-20. Baloguna, I., 2016. Efficacy of Lean Manufacturing to Improve Production Performance.International Journal of Lean Thinking,7(2), pp.14-23. Cecez-Kecmanovic, D., Galliers, R.D., Henfridsson, O., Newell, S. and Vidgen, R., 2014. The sociomateriality of information systems: current status, future directions.Mis Quarterly,38(3), pp.809-830. Hajduk, G., 2016. Specifics and Features of Outsourcing Marketing Communications Activity.Central European Business Review,5(3), p.78. Iskandar, D., 2015. Analysis of factors affecting the success of the application of accounting information system.International Journal of scientific Technology research,4(2). Johnsen, ., 2015. Strategic management thinking and practice in the public sector: A strategic planning for all seasons?.Financial Accountability Management,31(3), pp.243-268. Johnson, G., Wilding, P. and Robson, A., 2014. Can outsourcing recruitment deliver satisfaction? A hiring manager perspective.Personnel review,43(2), pp.303-326. Kindstrm, D. and Kowalkowski, C., 2014. Service innovation in product-centric firms: A multidimensional business model perspective.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,29(2), pp.96-111. Kolawole, I.O. and Agha, E.A., 2015. Achieving organizational performance through business process outsourcing.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,11(4). Leonardi, P.M., 2014. Social media, knowledge sharing, and innovation: Toward a theory of communication visibility.Information systems research,25(4), pp.796-816. Luftman, J., Lyytinen, K. and ben Zvi, T., 2017. Enhancing the measurement of information technology (IT) business alignment and its influence on company performance.Journal of Information Technology,32(1), pp.26-46. McCormack, G. and Hargovan, A., 2015. Australia and the international insolvency paradigm.Sydney L. Rev.,37, p.389. McCue, C.P., Prier, E. and Swanson, D., 2015. Five dilemmas in public procurement.Journal of Public Procurement,15(2), pp.177-207. Mnstermann, B., Smolinski, B. and Sprague, K., 2014. The enterprise IT infrastructure agenda for 2014.McKinsey Company White Paper, pp.1-8. Osadchy, E.A. and Akhmetshin, E.M., 2015. Development of the financial control system in the company in crisis.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(5), p.390. Roman, A.V., 2015. Framing the questions of e-government ethics: An organizational perspective.The American Review of Public Administration,45(2), pp.216-236. Sakas, D., Vlachos, D. and Nasiopoulos, D., 2014. Modelling strategic management for the development of competitive advantage, based on technology.Journal of Systems and Information Technology,16(3), pp.187-209. Savolainen, T., Lopez-Fresno, P. and Ikonen, M., 2014. Trust-Communication Dyad in Inter-Personal Workplace Relationships--Dynamics of Trust Deterioration and Breach.Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management,12(4). Venkatesh, V., Sykes, T.A. and Venkatraman, S., 2014. Understanding e?Government portal use in rural India: role of demographic and personality characteristics.Information Systems Journal,24(3), pp.249-269. Veselovsky, M.Y., Gnezdova, J.V., Romanova, J.A., Kirova, I.V. and Idilov, I.I., 2015. The strategy of a region development under the conditions of new actual economic.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(5), p.310. Zedtwitz, M., Corsi, S., Sberg, P.V. and Frega, R., 2015. A typology of reverse innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,32(1), pp.12-28. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K., 2014. Lean manufacturing and firm performance: The incremental contribution of lean management accounting practices.Journal of Operations Management,32(7), pp.414-428.

Botanic Gardens Tourist Management Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Botanic Gardens Tourist Management Strategies. Answer: Introduction: The City Botanic Gardens is one of the heritages gardens which are located in the Brisbane, Australia. It is bordered by the Alice Street, Brisbane River, Parliament House, George Street and Queensland University (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The Gardens display most mature gardens in Brisbane with some rare botanic species. The collection of garden includes rare collection of palms, cycads, bamboo and figs. The site was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1997. The site is being described as most significant non Aboriginal cultural landscape in the heart of Queensland. The site is known to have a continuous horticultural heritage which has suffered minimal land loss area or modification in use (Cowell, 2015). The site is considered as a premier public heritage park which is used for recreational facility. The park is comprises of three main sections such as Queens Park, Botanic Gardens and former Government domain (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The gardens are bordered with ma ture trees which create avenues as well as grooves. The site provides ample avenues for recreational activities such as lake, gardens, formal lawns and structures (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The site successfully displays the evolution pattern of the Queensland history. It also comprises of the endangered components of the cultural history of Queensland. There are several varieties of plants at Queensland that are ornamental in nature or agricultural which can be traced back to the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. This site is an important component in displaying particular class characteristics of particular cultural place (Sutherland, 2014). There are several historic structures in the park such as band pavilion, Walter Hill Drinking Fountain, boundary stone walls, bear pit shelter and cast iron railings (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The site also presents aesthetic significance which provides visual amenity and values comprising of natural wildlife (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). There has been strong association of the culture, community and spiritual components with this park. The park is a common place for several social events as well as popular tourist description. Problems with the site The heritage site has provided with ample cultural solutions to the general public. However, the site faces the issues of urban conservation. There have been inadequate conservation measures towards the natural botanical habitants. This creates challenges for the park authorities. There are issues with the erosion and conservation of the plants. The nutrient levels get degraded that comprise of damage due to pet waste, fertilizers and pollution (Miller et al., 2016). There is degradation of the natural land cover. There are issues with the horticulture research that is faced by the heritage park. It doesnt engage in sufficient scientific research. The park provides limited opportunities for the education of the school as well as college students. There are not enough facilities for the purpose of education regarding the plants and the natural habitats. The garden is prone to the damaging effect of the climate change (Derkzen, Van Teeffelen Verburg, 2017). The plants need healthy atm osphere to survive for a long period. The environmental damage is having an adverse effect on the maintenance of the botanic habitats. The botanic garden is facing the issue of water shortage. The increased human demand has reduced the water supply on which the plants are dependant. The botanic garden faces constant challenges of lack of funds which creates difficulty for smooth functioning of the garden. The lack of funds creates problems in the operation of the garden (Moody, 2013). The authorities are unable to perform routine maintenance of the gardens due to limited funds (Derkzen, Van Teeffelen Verburg, 2017). They are also unable to carry out any beatification project for the garden. This makes the garden unable to attract tourists in large numbers. The garden management is unable to protect the park from overuse which often causes exploitation of the plant life. The non-development of the botanical life is a matter of concern for the garden authorities. This implies that th e existing botanical life would not be replaced by newer ones which would decrease the value of the garden (Thorpe, 2014). The non-addition of the plants would lead to stagnant position of the botanical garden. The site also faces the issue of littering and vandalism. There are instances when the garden authority has received complaints of littering. There are instances when the waste material, rubbish, glass, paper, debris and the garbage are spread here and there within the garden authorities. The public often litter on the sidewalks, alleys and the streets of the botanic garden. There are commercial wastes which are always disposed at the garden premises. There are often instances of vandalism which occur at the garden premises. It is often seen that there are ruthless acts of damage to the garden properties which often causes issues for the garden management. The unlawful destruction of the properties of the garden authorities has caused issues in the past. Key literature Erosion and conservation of the plants- In Australia, there is significant development in the science and development field which have increased the participation of the farmers in the innovative systems (Uphoff, 2013). Horticulture research- The horticulture science societies have successfully managed to implement a large number of changes in fields such as ecology, botany, genetics, plant physiology, plant breeding and others. Limited opportunities for the education- There are botanic gardens which engage in education of the common people including the school going students. They impact learning based on the importance of the plants and the global ecosystem at large. The information should be provided on the plant species distribution and plant taxonomy (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). Climate change- The botanic gardens face constant challenges of the climate changes which have major impact on the natural ecosystem. The International Agenda of the Botanic Gardens in conservation has led to clarify the roles of the botanic garden in international market (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). One key role identified in the process is the conservation of plant. Emphasis is also being laid on the providing safety net through the process of living plant collections and seed banks as well as germplasm collections (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). Water shortage- The concerned authorities are engaging in water conservation measures that emphasis on the reduced water consumption. The trees as well as plants are of great cultural value and the survival of the plants is dependent on the water supply. In the Royal Botanic Gardens of Australia, the turf areas are being converted to the warm season grasses such as Kikayu (Rbg.vic.gov.au, 2016). They are more water efficient than others. Lack of funds- The botanic gardens strive to aim for international investors and try to engage in international partnerships in the horticulture sector (Beer, 2016). There should have supplement activities as well as programs which would lead to greater revenue generation. Overuse- The biodiversity should be used to improve the current condition of the botanic gardens and a conscious effort has been made to reduce the exploitation on the plants (Beer, 2016). Non-development of the botanical life- A dedicated effort of garden restoration should be carried out to preserve the native plants and increase the diversity of the plants (Beer, 2016). Suggestions for improvement It is important to implement changes in the day to day functioning of the botanic garden so that the necessary problems can be solved. The erosion as well as conservation of the plants is of utmost importance which should be given utmost importance. The development of the science would enable the conservation of the plants in the botanic garden. The garden authorities should focus more on the research concerning the horticulture and the related disciplines such as genetics, botany, plant breeding, plant physiology. The authorities should concentrate more on the education opportunities, which would increase the attraction of the botanic garden. The garden should engage in devising strategies which would fight against the increasing climate change. It should also concentrate on the conservation of water and increase the areas which focus on warm season grasses. The garden authorities should concentrate on the generation of funds through different sources. The private donors as well as the corporate sponsorships should be focused on so that the garden can have smooth functioning. It would also try to make conscious effort towards maintenance of the garden. An increased effort should be undertaken for the development of the botanical life. Both hard and soft approach of management should be taken for improving the current situation. The littering should be strictly penalized and strict supervision should be done that would ensure no person can engage in unlawful activities. This is a hard approach which needs to be implemented. If anyone found doing littering, then strict fine should be imposed on them. The issue of vandalism should be dealt with strict action and if necessary, adequate legal action should be taken. A soft approach may also be taken which would ensure that the garden authorities would ensure that sufficient sign boards are put on the garden which would educate the tourists. Conclusion The City Botanic Garden is one of the most popular heritage gardens in the Australia. There is great collection of natural botanic collection in Australia. There are several problems with the botanic site which are discussed in detail. There are several issues discussed such as erosion as well as conservation of the plants, issues with horticulture research, limited opportunities for education purposes, climatic variations, water shortages, issues with financing, exploitation of the plant life, littering, vandalism and the non-development of the botanic life. The concluding part of the report has given suitable suggestions to improve the current problems. References Australian National Botanic Gardens - Botanical Web Portal. (2016).Anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.anbg.gov.au Beer, D. (2016). The Australian national botanic gardens.Australian Garden History,28(1), 24. Brisbane City Council. (2016).Brisbane.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au Cowell, J. (2015). Brisbane: Our active, healthy city.Australasian Parks and Leisure,18(2), 38. Derkzen, M. L., Van Teeffelen, A. J., Verburg, P. H. (2017). Green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation: How do residents views on climate impacts and green infrastructure shape adaptation preferences?.Landscape and Urban Planning,157, 106-130. Miller, J. S., Lowry, P. P., Aronson, J., Blackmore, S., Havens, K., Maschinski, J. (2016). Conserving biodiversity through ecological restoration: the potential contributions of botanical gardens and arboreta.Candollea,71(1), 91-98. Moody, E. J. R. (2013). The Implementation of Community Gardens to Address Interconnected Problems Related to Food Deserts in Urban Memphis, Tennessee. Rbg.vic.gov.au (2016).Home | Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.Rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au Sutherland, A. (2014). Playful access.Australasian Leisure Management, (105), 58. Thorpe, D. (2014).The'one Planet'Life: A Blueprint for Low Impact Development. Routledge. Uphoff, N. (Ed.). (2013).Agroecological innovations: increasing food production with participatory development. Routledge.